108 Personal Protective Equipment: Basic

Glossary

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• 16-Hour Water Soak. A testing procedure where insulating materials are submerged in water for 16 hours to assess their water absorption and electrical insulating properties.
• 60-Hertz Proof Test. A standard electrical test performed at 60 Hz frequency to determine the insulating capabilities of electrical protective equipment.

A

• AC Excitation. An alternating current (AC) used to energize electrical equipment during testing to ensure proper function and safety.
• AC Proof-Tested Voltage. The voltage level at which electrical insulating equipment is tested to verify its insulating properties when exposed to alternating current (AC).
• Abrasions. Superficial injuries to the skin caused by scraping or rubbing against a rough surface.
• Acids. Substances with a pH less than 7 that can cause chemical burns and require special handling and protective equipment to prevent injury.
• Air-Purifying Respirator (APR). A type of respirator that removes contaminants from the air using filters, cartridges, or canisters. It does not supply oxygen and is only suitable for use in environments with sufficient oxygen levels.
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1. A standard that specifies the requirements for head protection, including helmets, to protect against impact and penetration.
• ANSI Z41. A standard for protective footwear, including safety shoes and boots, to prevent foot injuries from impact, compression, and punctures.
• ANSI-Certified. Equipment or standards that meet the safety and performance criteria established by the American National Standards Institute.
• Arc Cutting. A process using an electric arc to cut through metal materials.
• Arc Flash. A sudden release of electrical energy through the air that occurs when a high-voltage gap exists and there's a breakdown between conductors, posing serious burn hazards.
• Arc Flash Rating. The value of the energy necessary to pass through a given fabric to cause a second-degree burn. This rating is important for determining the suitability of clothing for electrical workers exposed to potential arc flash hazards.
• Assigned Protection Factor (APF). A measure of the level of respiratory protection that a specific type of respirator or combination of respirators can provide. It indicates how much protection a respirator can be expected to provide when used correctly.
• Atmosphere-Supplying Respirator (ASR). A type of respirator that provides clean air from a source other than the surrounding environment. It is suitable for use in oxygen-deficient or highly contaminated atmospheres.
• Atmospheric Contamination. The presence of harmful substances in the air that can affect health and safety, requiring protective measures to prevent inhalation or exposure.
• Authorized Person. An individual who has been granted authority and responsibility to perform specific tasks in potentially hazardous environments.

B

• Barriers. Physical objects or systems used to separate people from hazards to reduce the risk of injury or exposure.
• Breathing Air Quality. The standard of air provided to respirators, which must be free of harmful contaminants and meet OSHA specifications for purity, particularly when used in supplied-air respirators.
• Breathing Line. A tube or hose used in respiratory protection systems to deliver clean air from a source to the user.

C

• Caustics. Substances that can burn or corrode organic tissue by chemical action, requiring protective equipment to prevent skin and eye contact.
• Chemical Cartridge Respirator. A respirator that uses chemical cartridges to remove gases or vapors from the air by absorption or chemical reaction. It is suitable for use in environments with low concentrations of contaminants.
• Class 0 Gloves. Rubber insulating gloves designed to protect against low-voltage electrical hazards up to 1,000 volts AC.
• Class 00 Gloves. Rubber insulating gloves designed to protect against low-voltage electrical hazards up to 500 volts AC.
• Combination Filter. A type of respirator filter that combines a particle filter with a gas and vapor cartridge to provide protection against multiple types of airborne contaminants.
• Compressed Breathing Air. Air stored in a high-pressure cylinder for use in respiratory protection systems to provide breathable air in hazardous environments.
• Compressed Oxygen. Oxygen that is stored under pressure in a cylinder for use in medical and industrial applications, requiring proper handling to prevent accidents.
• Consensus Standards. Safety standards developed through a collaborative process by a group of experts from various sectors, including industry, government, and academia.
• Continuous Flow Mode. A setting on respiratory protection equipment where air is supplied continuously to the user, regardless of their breathing pattern.
• Cut Resistance Level. A rating given to gloves that indicates their ability to resist cuts and punctures from sharp objects. These levels range from A1 to A9, with higher numbers indicating greater protection.

D

• Dalton. A unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weights, equivalent to one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom. The dalton is commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry to describe the size of atoms, molecules, and proteins. It is also known as an atomic mass unit (amu).
• Decibel (dB). A unit of measurement used to express the intensity of sound. In the context of hearing protection, decibels are used to measure noise levels and the effectiveness of hearing protection devices.
• Demand Respirator. A type of respirator that supplies air to the user only when they inhale, helping to conserve the air supply.
• Dielectric. A material that does not conduct electricity, used in electrical insulation to protect against electrical hazards.
• Disinfection. The process of cleaning equipment to remove or kill bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens to prevent contamination and infection.
• Disposable Respirator. A respirator that is designed for a single use or limited use before disposal. These are typically lightweight and intended for protection against particulates.
• Dusts. Fine solid particles that can be inhaled and may pose respiratory hazards in various work environments.

E

• Earplugs. Hearing protection devices worn inside the ear canal to reduce noise exposure and protect against hearing loss. Earplugs can be made of foam, silicone, or other materials and may be disposable or reusable.
• Earmuffs. Hearing protection devices that cover the entire ear to reduce noise exposure. Earmuffs consist of two ear cups connected by a headband and are often adjustable for comfort.
• Elastomeric Parts. Components made from elastic materials that provide flexibility and comfort in personal protective equipment like respirators.
• Electrical Insulating Gloves. Gloves designed to protect workers from electrical shock and arc flash. These gloves are made of rubber and must be tested regularly to ensure they provide adequate protection.
• Electrical Protective Equipment. Equipment designed to protect workers from electrical hazards, including insulating gloves, sleeves, blankets, and other gear.
• Employee Exposure. The potential contact or interaction of an employee with hazardous conditions or substances during their work.
• Employee-Owned Equipment. Personal protective equipment owned by an employee rather than provided by the employer, which must still meet safety standards.
• Emergency Situation. An unexpected and potentially dangerous occurrence requiring immediate action to prevent injury, damage, or loss of life.
• End-Of-Life Indicator (ESLI). A feature in respiratory protective equipment that signals when the equipment is no longer effective or safe for use.
• Engineering Controls. Methods of controlling hazards by redesigning equipment or processes to reduce exposure or eliminate risks.
• Energized Circuit. An electrical circuit that is live or carrying current, presenting potential shock or electrocution hazards.
• Equipment Current. The electrical current that flows through equipment, which must be controlled and monitored to prevent hazards.
• Escape-Only Respirator. A respirator designed solely for emergency escape from hazardous atmospheres, not for regular use.
• ESLI. End-of-life indicator, a feature in respiratory protection equipment indicating that the device is no longer safe to use and needs replacement.
• Eye Wash Station. A safety device designed to flush the eyes with water or an eyewash solution in case of exposure to harmful substances. Eye wash stations are required in workplaces where hazardous materials are handled.

F

• Face Shield. A protective device that covers the face to protect against splashes, flying debris, or sparks. It is used in conjunction with other PPE, such as safety glasses or goggles, for full protection.
• Fall Arrest System. A personal fall protection system designed to stop a worker from falling from a height. It typically includes a body harness, anchorage, and a connecting device, such as a lanyard or self-retracting lifeline.
• Fall Restraint System. A personal fall protection system that prevents a worker from reaching a fall hazard. This system includes a body harness or belt, anchorage, and a connecting device to limit movement.
• Filter. A component of a respirator that removes particulates from the air before inhalation. Filters are rated based on their ability to trap particles of various sizes.
• Filter Efficiency. A measure of a filter's ability to remove particulates from the air. It is typically expressed as a percentage of particles filtered out at a specific particle size, with higher efficiency indicating better filtration.
• Fit Testing. A procedure used to determine if a respirator fits an individual properly, ensuring a secure seal around the face. Fit testing can be qualitative or quantitative and is essential for effective respiratory protection.
• Flame-Resistant (FR) Clothing. Clothing designed to resist ignition and self-extinguish once the source of ignition is removed. FR clothing is used to protect workers from burns in environments where there is a risk of fire or explosion.
• Flying Particles. Small fragments or pieces that are projected through the air, posing a risk of injury, especially to the eyes.
• Flux Cored Arc Welding. A welding process that uses a continuously fed tubular electrode filled with flux to join metals, often producing a slag that protects the weld from contamination.
• Fog. A suspension of tiny liquid droplets in the air, which can create visibility issues and respiratory hazards in certain environments.
• Foot Protection. Equipment such as safety shoes and boots designed to protect the feet from injuries due to falling objects, punctures, electrical hazards, and chemical exposure.
• Full-Face Respirator. A type of respirator that covers the entire face, providing respiratory protection and a shield for the eyes against vapors, gases, and particulates. It is used in environments with hazardous air contaminants.
• Fumes. Fine solid particles suspended in air, typically produced by the condensation of vaporized solid materials, which can be inhaled and pose respiratory hazards.

G

• Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). A welding process that uses a continuous wire electrode and a shielding gas to protect the weld area from contamination.
• Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). A welding process that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld, with a shielding gas to protect the weld area from atmospheric contamination.
• Gases. Substances in the gaseous state that can be inhaled and pose respiratory or other health hazards, depending on their chemical properties.
• Gloves. Personal protective equipment worn on the hands to protect against chemicals, heat, cold, and abrasions. Gloves are made from various materials, such as latex, nitrile, leather, or rubber, depending on the type of hazard.
• Goggles. Eye protection that fits securely against the face to protect the eyes from liquid splashes, dust, and other airborne hazards. Goggles are often used in laboratories, chemical handling, and woodworking.

H

• Half-Mask Respirator. A respirator that covers the nose and mouth, providing respiratory protection against particulates, gases, or vapors. It does not protect the eyes or face and is often used with safety glasses or goggles.
• Hand Protection. Personal protective equipment designed to protect the hands from injuries such as cuts, abrasions, chemical burns, and thermal burns.
• Hard Hat. A helmet designed to protect the head from impact, falling objects, or electrical hazards. It is a critical piece of personal protective equipment for construction and industrial workers.
• Hearing Protection. Devices such as earplugs or earmuffs used to protect the ears from high noise levels, which can cause hearing loss. OSHA requires hearing protection in environments where noise levels exceed certain limits.
• Hazard Elimination. A method of controlling hazards by completely removing the source of the hazard from the work environment.
• Hazard Substitution. Replacing a hazardous material or process with a less hazardous one to reduce the risk of injury or exposure.
• Hazardous Atmosphere. An environment containing harmful substances, including gases, vapors, dusts, or fumes, that can pose a threat to health and safety.
• Head Protection. Equipment such as helmets or hard hats designed to protect the head from impacts, penetration, and electrical hazards.
• Head Strap. A component of respiratory or head protection equipment that secures the device to the user's head for proper fit and function.
• Helmet. A form of head protection designed to protect against impacts and penetration from falling objects or other hazards.
• Helmet Liner. A protective liner worn under a helmet to provide additional impact protection and insulation against cold temperatures. Helmet liners are commonly used in construction, mining, and other industrial settings.
• High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filter. A type of air filter that removes at least 99.97% of airborne particles 0.3 microns or larger, used in respiratory protection and ventilation systems.
• High-Visibility Clothing. Apparel designed to make the wearer more visible in low-light or high-traffic environments. High-visibility clothing is often used in construction, road work, and emergency response to prevent accidents.
• Hood. A protective covering for the head and neck, often part of respiratory or head protection equipment to provide additional protection against hazards.

I

• Impact Resistance. The ability of a material or equipment to withstand sudden or forceful impact. In the context of PPE, this often refers to helmets, face shields, or safety glasses that can protect against flying debris or falling objects.
• Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH). An environment where exposure to airborne contaminants is likely to cause immediate harm or impair an individual's ability to escape from the dangerous atmosphere.
• Inhalation. The act of breathing in, which can be a route of exposure to airborne hazards such as dusts, fumes, gases, and vapors.
• Insulating Blankets. Flexible coverings made of insulating materials used to cover electrical components to prevent accidental contact and protect against electrical shock.
• Insulating Gloves. Gloves made of rubber or other insulating materials designed to protect against electrical shock when working with live electrical circuits.
• Insulating Material. A non-conductive material used to prevent the passage of electricity, thereby protecting against electrical shock and other hazards.
• Insulating Sleeves. Protective arm coverings made from insulating materials to protect against electrical hazards when working near live electrical components.
• Insulating Properties. Characteristics of a material that prevent the flow of electrical current, protecting against electrical shock and ensuring safety in electrical work.
• Insulating Rubber Blankets. Rubber sheets used to cover and protect against electrical hazards, preventing accidental contact with live circuits.
• Insulating Rubber Cover. A protective covering made from insulating rubber material, used to cover electrical equipment and prevent accidental contact with energized parts.
• Insulating Rubber Gloves. Gloves made from insulating rubber material to protect hands from electrical shock when working with or near energized electrical equipment.
• Insulating Rubber Line Hose. Flexible rubber hoses used to cover and insulate power lines, protecting against accidental contact and electrical shock.
• Interior Structural Firefighting. Firefighting operations conducted inside buildings and other structures, often requiring specialized protective equipment to protect against heat, smoke, and structural hazards.
• Intrinsically Safe Equipment. Equipment designed to operate safely in potentially explosive atmospheres. This type of equipment is engineered to prevent the release of sufficient energy to cause ignition of flammable gases or dust.
• Isolation. A safety measure involving the separation of hazards from people, often through physical barriers or distance, to reduce exposure and risk.

J

• Jacket. A type of protective clothing worn on the upper body to protect against environmental hazards, such as cold, heat, or chemicals. Jackets can be fire-resistant, waterproof, or made of heavy-duty materials to provide specific protection in various work environments.
• Jersey Gloves. A type of glove made from soft, stretchy fabric, typically cotton or a cotton blend, used to protect the hands from minor abrasions and dirt in light-duty applications. They are often used in general maintenance, assembly, or gardening tasks.

K

• Knowledge Skills and Abilities (SKAs). The essential skills, knowledge, and abilities required to perform a specific job or task safely and effectively.

L

• Lacerations. Deep cuts or tears in the skin or flesh, often requiring medical attention and protective measures to prevent.
• Leather Apron. A protective garment worn over the front of the body to protect against sparks, heat, and other hazards. It is commonly used in welding, foundry work, and other metalworking operations.
• Leakage Current. The small amount of electrical current that leaks or flows from an electrical device or circuit to the ground, which can present a hazard if not controlled.
• Liquid Chemicals. Substances in a liquid state that can pose health and safety hazards through skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion.
• Lockout/Tagout (LOTO). A safety procedure used to ensure that machines and equipment are properly shut off and not started up again before the completion of maintenance or repair work. This process involves the use of lockout devices and tags to prevent accidental energization.
• Loose-Fitting Facepiece. A type of respiratory protection device that does not require a tight seal with the face and covers the nose, mouth, and sometimes the eyes.

M

• Maximum Proof-Test Current (mA). The highest level of current in milliamperes that is used during testing to ensure the safety and effectiveness of electrical protective equipment.
• Maximum Use Concentration (MUC). The highest concentration of a hazardous substance in the air that a respirator is designed to protect against.
• Maximum Use Voltage. The highest voltage level that electrical insulating equipment is designed to protect against safely.
• Mechanical Irritants. Substances or materials that cause irritation or damage to the skin or respiratory system due to their physical properties.
• Medical Signs. Observable physical indicators or symptoms that provide evidence of a medical condition or injury.
• Medical Symptoms. Subjective experiences or feelings reported by an individual that may indicate a medical condition or illness.
• Minimum Approach Distance (MAD). The minimum distance an employee must maintain from energized parts to prevent electrical shock or arc flash. The MAD varies based on voltage levels and other factors.
• Minimum Breakdown Voltage. The lowest voltage at which an insulating material fails or breaks down, resulting in electrical conductivity.
• Minimum Protection Factor (MPF). A rating that indicates the minimum level of respiratory protection provided by a respirator when used correctly. MPF is determined through testing and certification by regulatory agencies.
• Mists. Tiny liquid droplets suspended in the air, which can be inhaled and pose respiratory hazards.
• Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate (MVTR). A measure of the rate at which moisture vapor passes through a material. High MVTR is important for clothing worn in hot or humid conditions to allow sweat to evaporate and keep the wearer comfortable.
• Molten Metal. Metal in a liquid state due to high temperatures, which can cause severe burns and other injuries upon contact.

N

• N95 Respirator. A type of filtering facepiece respirator that filters at least 95% of airborne particles. It is commonly used in healthcare and industrial settings to protect against dust, pathogens, and other airborne hazards.
• Negative Pressure Respirator (Tight Fitting). A respirator that relies on the user's inhalation to draw air through a filter, requiring a tight seal with the face to function effectively.
• Noise Reduction Rating (NRR). A measure of how much noise reduction a hearing protection device provides, expressed in decibels. The higher the NRR, the more effective the device is at reducing noise exposure.
• NIOSH. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, a U.S. federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for workplace safety and health.
• NIOSH-Certified Respirator. A respirator that has been tested and certified by NIOSH to meet specific safety and performance standards for respiratory protection.

O

• Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere. An environment with an oxygen concentration below 19.5%, posing a risk of suffocation or impaired function.
• Ozone Checking. A process used to evaluate the resistance of insulating materials to ozone, which can cause deterioration and reduce the effectiveness of protective equipment.
• Ozone Cutting. The degradation or breakdown of insulating materials caused by exposure to ozone, leading to reduced effectiveness and potential failure.

P

• Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS). A system used to stop a fall from a height, consisting of an anchor, a full-body harness, and a lanyard or lifeline. PFAS are designed to minimize injury and prevent falls from causing serious injury or death.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses. PPE includes items such as gloves, safety glasses, hard hats, respirators, and protective clothing.
• Physician or Other Licensed Health Care Professional (PLHCP). A medical professional qualified to perform or supervise various health evaluations, including those related to occupational health and safety.
• Plasma Arc Welding. A welding process that uses an electric arc and a stream of ionized gas (plasma) to melt and join metal pieces.
• Positive Pressure Respirator. A respirator that maintains a higher air pressure inside the mask than the surrounding environment, preventing contaminants from entering.
• Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR). A type of respirator that uses a battery-powered blower to draw air through filters before delivering it to the user, providing protection against various contaminants.
• Pressure Demand Respirator. A type of respirator that maintains a constant positive pressure inside the mask when the user breathes in, ensuring contaminants are kept out.
• Proof-Test Voltage (RMS V). The root mean square voltage applied during testing to verify the insulating properties of electrical protective equipment.
• Protection Factor (PF). The ratio of the concentration of a contaminant outside a respirator to the concentration inside the mask. A higher protection factor indicates better respiratory protection.
• Protective Clothing. Garments designed to protect the body from hazards such as chemicals, heat, sparks, and sharp objects. Types of protective clothing include lab coats, coveralls, and fire-resistant clothing.
• Punctures. Injuries caused by sharp objects piercing the skin or materials, often requiring protective equipment to prevent.

Q

• Qualitative Fit Test (QLFT). A pass/fail test method used to evaluate the fit of a respirator on an individual, typically based on the user's sensory detection of a test agent.
• Quantitative Fit Test (QNFT). A test method that uses specialized equipment to measure the amount of leakage into a respirator, providing a numerical fit factor.

R

• Radiological Hazards. Health and safety risks associated with exposure to ionizing radiation, which can cause damage to living tissue and increase the risk of cancer.
• Respirator Valves. Components of a respirator that regulate airflow, including inhalation and exhalation valves, to ensure proper function and protection.
• Respiratory Inlet Covering. A part of a respirator that covers the nose, mouth, or entire face to protect against inhalation of harmful substances.
• Respiratory Protection Program. A comprehensive program required by OSHA for workplaces where respirators are necessary. It includes guidelines on respirator selection, training, fit testing, maintenance, and medical evaluations.
• RMS. Root mean square, a statistical measure used in electrical engineering to represent the effective value of an alternating current or voltage.
• Rubber Insulating Blankets. Flexible insulating blankets made from rubber, used to cover electrical components and prevent accidental contact with energized circuits.
• Rubber Insulating Cover. A protective cover made from rubber used to insulate electrical equipment and prevent accidental contact with live parts.
• Rubber Insulating Gloves. Gloves made from rubber designed to protect the wearer from electrical shock when working with or near live electrical circuits.
• Rubber Insulating Line Hose. Flexible rubber hoses used to cover and insulate power lines to protect against accidental contact and electrical shock.

S

• Safety Boots. Footwear designed to protect the feet from various hazards, including impact, compression, and punctures, often featuring steel or composite toe caps.
• Safety Glasses. Eyewear designed to protect the eyes from flying debris, chemical splashes, or other hazardous exposures. Safety glasses are often required in workplaces where eye injuries are a risk.
• Safety Goggles. Eyewear that provides a secure fit around the eyes, offering protection against liquid splashes, dust, and other airborne hazards. Goggles are often used in laboratories, chemical handling, and woodworking.
• Safety Shoes. Footwear designed to protect the feet from injury due to falling objects, punctures, electrical hazards, and chemical exposure. Safety shoes often have reinforced toes, slip-resistant soles, and other protective features.
• Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). A type of respirator with an independent air supply, typically used in situations where the air quality is unknown or immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH). SCBAs provide breathable air for a limited period.
• Service Life. The period during which personal protective equipment remains effective and safe to use, after which it should be replaced.
• Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW). A manual arc welding process that uses a consumable electrode coated in flux to lay the weld, commonly known as stick welding.
• Skin Absorption. The process by which hazardous substances penetrate the skin and enter the bloodstream, potentially causing systemic health effects.
• Smokes. Solid particles resulting from incomplete combustion suspended in air, which can be inhaled and pose respiratory hazards.
• Sprays. Droplets of liquid suspended in the air, which can create inhalation hazards or contact hazards depending on their chemical properties.
• Steel-Toed Footwear. Protective footwear that includes a reinforced toe cap, typically made of steel, designed to protect against impacts and compression.
• Supplied-Air Respirator (SAR). A type of atmosphere-supplying respirator that provides air through a hose connected to a clean air source, often used in environments where the air quality is compromised.

T

• Thermal Burns. Injuries caused by exposure to high temperatures, including heat, steam, or hot liquids, which can damage skin and underlying tissues.
• Threshold Limit Value (TLV). The level of exposure to a hazardous substance that a worker can experience without adverse effects. TLVs are set by organizations such as the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
• Tight-Fitting Facepiece. A type of respiratory protection device that forms a seal with the face, preventing air from entering without passing through the filter.
• Torch Soldering. A process that uses a gas torch to heat and melt solder, joining metal parts together, often requiring protective equipment to prevent burns and inhalation of fumes.
• Type 1 Hard Hat. A helmet designed to protect the top of the head from falling objects or impacts. Type 1 hard hats are commonly used in construction and manufacturing environments.
• Type 2 Hard Hat. A helmet that provides protection to both the top and sides of the head, offering enhanced safety against lateral impacts. Type 2 hard hats are often used in environments with high risks of lateral blows or side impacts.
• Type I Insulating Equipment. Electrical insulating equipment designed for general use, tested and certified to protect against low and medium-voltage electrical hazards.
• Type II Insulating Equipment. Electrical insulating equipment designed for specialized use, offering additional protection against higher voltage levels or specific environmental conditions.

U

• User Seal Check. A quick check performed by the user of a respirator to ensure that the mask is properly sealed to the face, preventing the entry of contaminants.

V

• Vapors. Gaseous forms of substances that are typically liquid or solid at room temperature, which can be inhaled and pose respiratory hazards.
• Ventilation. The provision of fresh air to a workspace to reduce the concentration of airborne contaminants. Proper ventilation is a key control measure in reducing exposure to hazardous fumes, vapors, and dust.

W

• Warning Signs. Visual indicators used to alert individuals to potential hazards or dangerous conditions, promoting awareness and safety in the workplace.
• Welding Helmet. A protective headgear used in welding operations to protect the eyes, face, and neck from sparks, intense light, and ultraviolet and infrared radiation. Welding helmets often include a darkened lens to protect against arc eye.
• Welding Sleeves. Protective arm coverings worn during welding to protect against sparks, heat, and UV radiation. Welding sleeves are often made of leather or flame-resistant material.

X

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Z