158 Crane Safety: Basic

Glossary

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A

• A/D director (Assembly/Disassembly director): means an individual who meets this subpart's requirements for an A/D director, irrespective of the person's formal job title or whether the person is non-management or management personnel.
• Articulating crane: means a crane whose boom consists of a series of folding, pin connected structural members, typically manipulated to extend or retract by power from hydraulic cylinders.
• Assembly/Disassembly: means the assembly and/or disassembly of equipment covered under this standard. With regard to tower cranes, "erecting and climbing" replaces the term "assembly," and "dismantling" replaces the term "disassembly." Regardless of whether the crane is initially erected to its full height or is climbed in stages, the process of increasing the height of the crane is an erection process.
• Assist crane: means a crane used to assist in assembling or disassembling a crane.
• Attachments: means any device that expands the range of tasks that can be done by the equipment. Examples include, but are not limited to: An auger, drill, magnet, pile-driver, and boom-attached personnel platform.
• Audible signal: means a signal made by a distinct sound or series of sounds. Examples include, but are not limited to, sounds made by a bell, horn, or whistle.

B

• Banksman: is a term used primarily outside the U.S. for a crane signal person.
• Blocking: (also referred to as "cribbing") is wood or other material used to support equipment or a component and distribute loads to the ground. It is typically used to support lattice boom sections during assembly/disassembly and under outrigger and stabilizer floats.
• Boatswain's chair: means a single-point adjustable suspension scaffold consisting of a seat or sling (which may be incorporated into a full body harness) designed to support one employee in a sitting position.
• Bogie: means "travel bogie," which is defined below.
• Boom (equipment other than tower crane): means an inclined spar, strut, or other long structural member which supports the upper hoisting tackle on a crane or derrick. Typically, the length and vertical angle of the boom can be varied to achieve increased height or height and reach when lifting loads. Booms can usually be grouped into general categories of hydraulically extendible, cantilevered type, latticed section, cable supported type or articulating type.
• Boom (tower cranes):: On tower cranes, if the "boom" (i.e., principal horizontal structure) is fixed, it is referred to as a jib; if it is moveable up and down, it is referred to as a boom.
• Boom angle indicator: means a device which measures the angle of the boom relative to horizontal.
• Boom hoist limiting device: includes boom hoist disengaging device, boom hoist shut-off, boom hoist disconnect, boom hoist hydraulic relief, boom hoist kick-outs, automatic boom stop device, or derricking limiter. This type of device disengages boom hoist power when the boom reaches a predetermined operating angle. It also sets brakes or closes valves to prevent the boom from lowering after power is disengaged.
• Boom length indicator: indicates the length of the permanent part of the boom (such as ruled markings on the boom) or, as in some computerized systems, the length of the boom with extensions/attachments.
• Boom stop: includes boom stops, (belly straps with struts/standoff), telescoping boom stops, attachment boom stops, and backstops. These devices restrict the boom from moving above a certain maximum angle and toppling over backward.
• Boom suspension system: means a system of pendants, running ropes, sheaves, and other hardware which supports the boom tip and controls the boom angle.
• Builder: means the builder/constructor of equipment.

C

• Center of gravity:: The center of gravity of any object is the point in the object around which its weight is evenly distributed. If you could put a support under that point, you could balance the object on the support.
• Certified welder: means a welder who meets nationally recognized certification requirements applicable to the task being performed.
• Climbing: means the process in which a tower crane is raised to a new working height, either by adding additional tower sections to the top of the crane (top climbing), or by a system in which the entire crane is raised inside the structure (inside climbing).
• Come-a-long: means a mechanical device typically consisting of a chain or cable attached at each end that is used to facilitate movement of materials through leverage.
• Competent person: means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
• Controlled load lowering: means lowering a load by means of a mechanical hoist drum device that allows a hoisted load to be lowered with maximum control using the gear train or hydraulic components of the hoist mechanism. Controlled load lowering requires the use of the hoist drive motor, rather than the load hoist brake, to lower the load.
• Controlling entity: means an employer that is a prime contractor, general contractor, construction manager or any other legal entity which has the overall responsibility for the construction of the project--its planning, quality and completion.
• Counterweight: means a weight used to supplement the weight of equipment in providing stability for lifting loads by counterbalancing those loads.
• Crane/derrick: includes all equipment covered by this subpart.
• Crawler crane: means equipment that has a type of base mounting which incorporates a continuous belt of sprocket driven track.
• Critical lift: means a lift that (1) exceeds 75 percent of the rated capacity of the crane or derrick, or (2) requires the use of more than one crane or derrick.
• Crossover points: means locations on a wire rope which is spooled on a drum where one layer of rope climbs up on and crosses over the previous layer. This takes place at each flange of the drum as the rope is spooled onto the drum, reaches the flange, and begins to wrap back in the opposite direction.

D

• Dedicated channel: means a line of communication assigned by the employer who controls the communication system to only one signal person and crane/derrick or to a coordinated group of cranes/derricks/signal person(s).
• Dedicated pile-driver: is a machine that is designed to function exclusively as a pile-driver. These machines typically have the ability to both hoist the material that will be pile-driven and to pile-drive that material.
• Dedicated spotter (power lines):: To be considered a dedicated spotter, the requirements of § 1926.1428 (Signal person qualifications) must be met and his/her sole responsibility is to watch the separation between the power line and the equipment, load line and load (including rigging and lifting accessories), and ensure through communication with the operator that the applicable minimum approach distance is not breached.
• Directly under the load: means a part or all of an employee is directly beneath the load.
• Dismantling: includes partial dismantling (such as dismantling to shorten a boom or substitute a different component).
• Drum rotation indicator: means a device on a crane or hoist which indicates in which direction and at what relative speed a particular hoist drum is turning.

E

• Electrical contact: occurs when a person, object, or equipment makes contact or comes in close proximity with an energized conductor or equipment that allows the passage of current.
• Employer-made equipment: means floating cranes/derricks designed and built by an employer for the employer's own use.
• Encroachment: is where any part of the crane, load line or load (including rigging and lifting accessories) breaches a minimum clearance distance that this subpart requires to be maintained from a power line.
• Equipment: means equipment covered by this subpart.
• Equipment criteria: means instructions, recommendations, limitations and specifications.

F

• Fall protection equipment: means guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, positioning device systems or fall restraint systems.
• Fall restraint system: means a fall protection system that prevents the user from falling any distance. The system is comprised of either a body belt or body harness, along with an anchorage, connectors and other necessary equipment. The other components typically include a lanyard, and may also include a lifeline and other devices.
• Fall zone: means the area (including but not limited to the area directly beneath the load) in which it is reasonably foreseeable that partially or completely suspended materials could fall in the event of an accident.
• Flange points: are points of contact between rope and drum flange where the rope changes layers.
• Floating cranes/derricks: means equipment designed by the manufacturer (or employer) for marine use by permanent attachment to a barge, pontoons, vessel or other means of flotation.
• For example: means "one example, although there are others."
• Free fall (of the load line): means that only the brake is used to regulate the descent of the load line (the drive mechanism is not used to drive the load down faster or retard its lowering).
• Free surface effect: is the uncontrolled transverse movement of liquids in compartments which reduce a vessel's transverse stability.

G

H

• Hoist: means a mechanical device for lifting and lowering loads by winding a line onto or off a drum.
• Hoisting: is the act of raising, lowering or otherwise moving a load in the air with equipment covered by this standard. As used in this standard, "hoisting" can be done by means other than wire rope/hoist drum equipment.

I

• Include/including: means "including, but not limited to."
• Insulating link/device: means an insulating device listed, labeled, or accepted by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.7.

J

• Jib stop: (also referred to as a jib backstop), is the same type of device as a boom stop but is for a fixed or luffing jib.

K

L

• Land crane/derrick: is equipment not originally designed by the manufacturer for marine use by permanent attachment to barges, pontoons, vessels, or other means of floatation.
• List: means the angle of inclination about the longitudinal axis of a barge, pontoons, vessel or other means of floatation.
• Load: refers to the object(s) being hoisted and/or the weight of the object(s); both uses refer to the object(s) and the load-attaching equipment, such as, the load block, ropes, slings, shackles, and any other ancillary attachment.
• Load moment (or rated capacity): indicator means a system which aids the equipment operator by sensing (directly or indirectly) the overturning moment on the equipment, i.e., load multiplied by radius. It compares this lifting condition to the equipment's rated capacity, and indicates to the operator the percentage of capacity at which the equipment is working. Lights, bells, or buzzers may be incorporated as a warning of an approaching overload condition.
• Load moment (or rated capacity) limiter: means a system which aids the equipment operator by sensing (directly or indirectly) the overturning moment on the equipment, i.e., load multiplied by radius. It compares this lifting condition to the equipment's rated capacity, and when the rated capacity is reached, it shuts off power to those equipment functions which can increase the severity of loading on the equipment, e.g., hoisting, telescoping out, or luffing out. Typically, those functions which decrease the severity of loading on the equipment remain operational, e.g., lowering, telescoping in, or luffing in.
• Locomotive crane: means a crane mounted on a base or car equipped for travel on a railroad track.
• Luffing jib limiting device: is similar to a boom hoist limiting device, except that it limits the movement of the luffing jib.

M

• Marine hoisted personnel transfer device: means a device, such as a "transfer net," that is designed to protect the employees being hoisted during a marine transfer and to facilitate rapid entry into and exit from the device. Such devices do not include boatswain's chairs when hoisted by equipment covered by this standard.
• Marine worksite: means a construction worksite located in, on or above the water.
• Mobile crane: means a lifting device incorporating a cable suspended latticed boom or hydraulic telescopic boom designed to be moved between operating locations by transport over the road.
• Moving point-to-point: means the times during which an employee is in the process of going to or from a work station.
• Multi-purpose machine: means a machine that is designed to be configured in various ways, at least one of which allows it to hoist (by means of a winch or hook) and horizontally move a suspended load. For example, a machine that can rotate and can be configured with removable forks/tongs (for use as a forklift) or with a winch pack, jib (with a hook at the end) or jib used in conjunction with a winch. When configured with the forks/tongs, it is not covered by this subpart. When configured with a winch pack, jib (with a hook at the end) or jib used in conjunction with a winch, it is covered by this subpart.

N

• Nationally recognized accrediting agency: is an organization that, due to its independence and expertise, is widely recognized as competent to accredit testing organizations. Examples of such accrediting agencies include, but are not limited to, the National Commission for Certifying Agencies and the American National Standards Institute.
• Nonconductive: means that, because of the nature and condition of the materials used, and the conditions of use (including environmental conditions and condition of the material), the object in question has the property of not becoming energized (that is, it has high dielectric properties offering a high resistance to the passage of current under the conditions of use).

O

• Operational aids: are devices that assist the operator in the safe operation of the crane by providing information or automatically taking control of a crane function. These include, but are not limited to, the devices listed in § 1926.1416 ("listed operational aids").
• Operational controls: means levers, switches, pedals and other devices for controlling equipment operation.
• Operator: means a person who is operating the equipment.
• Overhead and gantry cranes: includes overhead/bridge cranes, semigantry, cantilever gantry, wall cranes, storage bridge cranes, launching gantry cranes, and similar equipment, irrespective of whether it travels on tracks, wheels, or other means.

P

• Paragraph: refers to a paragraph in the same section of this subpart that the word "paragraph" is used, unless otherwise specified.
• Pendants: includes both wire and bar types. Wire type: A fixed length of wire rope with mechanical fittings at both ends for pinning segments of wire rope together. Bar type: Instead of wire rope, a bar is used. Pendants are typically used in a latticed boom crane system to easily change the length of the boom suspension system without completely changing the rope on the drum when the boom length is increased or decreased.
• Personal fall arrest system: means a system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a working level. It consists of an anchorage, connectors, a body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or suitable combination of these.
• Portal crane: is a type of crane consisting of a rotating upperstructure, hoist machinery, and boom mounted on top of a structural gantry which may be fixed in one location or have travel capability. The gantry legs or columns usually have portal openings in between to allow passage of traffic beneath the gantry.
• Power lines: means electric transmission and distribution lines.
• Procedures: include, but are not limited to: Instructions, diagrams, recommendations, warnings, specifications, protocols and limitations.
• Proximity alarm: is a device that provides a warning of proximity to a power line and that has been listed, labeled, or accepted by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.7.

Q

• Qualified evaluator (not a third party): means a person employed by the signal person's employer who has demonstrated that he/she is competent in accurately assessing whether individuals meet the Qualification Requirements in this subpart for a signal person.
• Qualified evaluator (third party): means an entity that, due to its independence and expertise, has demonstrated that it is competent in accurately assessing whether individuals meet the Qualification Requirements in this subpart for a signal person.
• Qualified person: means a person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience, successfully demonstrated the ability to solve/resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.
• Qualified rigger: is a rigger who meets the criteria for a qualified person.

R

• Range control limit device: is a device that can be set by an equipment operator to limit movement of the boom or jib tip to a plane or multiple planes.
• Range control warning device: is a device that can be set by an equipment operator to warn that the boom or jib tip is at a plane or multiple planes.
• Rated capacity: means the maximum working load permitted by the manufacturer under specified working conditions. Such working conditions typically include a specific combination of factors such as equipment configuration, radii, boom length, and other parameters of use.
• Rated capacity indicator: See: load moment indicator.
• Rated capacity limiter: See: load moment limiter.
• Repetitive pickup points: refer to, when operating on a short cycle operation, the rope being used on a single layer and being spooled repetitively over a short portion of the drum.
• Running wire rope: means a wire rope that moves over sheaves or drums.
• Runway: means a firm, level surface designed, prepared and designated as a path of travel for the weight and configuration of the crane being used to lift and travel with the crane suspended platform. An existing surface may be used as long as it meets these criteria.

S

• Section: means a section of this subpart, unless otherwise specified.
• Sideboom crane: means a track-type or wheel-type tractor having a boom mounted on the side of the tractor, used for lifting, lowering or transporting a load suspended on the load hook. The boom or hook can be lifted or lowered in a vertical direction only.
• Special hazard warnings: means warnings of site-specific hazards (for example, proximity of power lines).
• Stability (flotation device): means the tendency of a barge, pontoons, vessel or other means of flotation to return to an upright position after having been inclined by an external force.
• Standard Method: means the protocol in appendix A of this subpart for hand signals.
• Such as: means "such as, but not limited to."
• Superstructure: See: Upperworks.

T

• Tagline: means a rope (usually fiber) attached to a lifted load for purposes of controlling load spinning and pendular motions or used to stabilize a bucket or magnet during material handling operations.
• Tender: means an individual responsible for monitoring and communicating with a diver.
• Tilt up or tilt down operation: means raising/lowering a load from the horizontal to vertical or vertical to horizontal.
• Tower crane: is a type of lifting structure which utilizes a vertical mast or tower to support a working boom (jib) in an elevated position. Loads are suspended from the working boom. While the working boom may be of the fixed type (horizontal or angled) or have luffing capability, it can always rotate to swing loads, either by rotating on the top of the tower (top slewing) or by the rotation of the tower (bottom slewing). The tower base may be fixed in one location or ballasted and moveable between locations. Mobile cranes that are configured with luffing jib and/or tower attachments are not considered tower cranes under this section.
• Travel bogie (tower cranes): is an assembly of two or more axles arranged to permit vertical wheel displacement and equalize the loading on the wheels.
• Trim: means angle of inclination about the transverse axis of a barge, pontoons, vessel or other means of floatation.
• Two blocking: means a condition in which a component that is uppermost on the hoist line such as the load block, hook block, overhaul ball, or similar component, comes in contact with the boom tip, fixed upper block or similar component. This binds the system and continued application of power can cause failure of the hoist rope or other component.

U

• Unavailable procedures: means procedures that are no longer available from the manufacturer, or have never been available, from the manufacturer.
• Upperstructure: See: Upperworks.
• Upperworks: means the revolving frame of equipment on which the operating machinery (and many cases the engine) are mounted along with the operator's cab. The counterweight is typically supported on the rear of the upperstructure and the boom or other front end attachment is mounted on the front.
• Up to: means "up to and including."

V

W

• Wire rope: means a flexible rope constructed by laying steel wires into various patterns of multi-wired strands around a core system to produce a helically wound rope.

X

Y

Z