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656 Bloodborne Pathogens in the Healthcare Setting
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Application of Universal Precautions

Protective measures using universal precautions apply to:

  • Human blood, other body fluids containing visible blood, semen, and vaginal secretions.
  • Tissues and to the following fluids:
    • cerebrospinal
    • synovial
    • pleural
    • peritoneal
    • pericardial
    • amniotic fluids

Blood is the single most important source of HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens in the occupational setting. Infection control efforts for HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens must focus on preventing exposures to blood as well as on delivery of HBV immunization.

Universal precautions do not apply to the following fluids and materials unless they contain visible blood:

  • Feces, nasal secretions, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, and vomitus.
  • Saliva, except when in the dental setting where blood contamination of saliva is predictable.

Knowledge Check Choose the best answer for the question.

8-2. What is the most important source of bloodborne pathogens in the occupational setting?