512 EM 385-1-1 Chapters 16-22

Sections

22-8. General Requirements.

Hanging Scaffolds

Design: An RPE proficient in structural design must design hanging scaffolds, ensuring they exceed general scaffold standards (ANSI A10.8).
Attachments: Secure scaffolds to structures using reliable methods every 8 feet, ensure a secondary attachment method is in place, and restrict the working level to one. Install slip-resistant and securely attached platform decks.
Operation: Workers must utilize proper fall protection, adhere to the personnel limit on the scaffold, and avoid using ladders on the scaffold, except as access from above. Store scaffolds properly to minimize damage.

Form and Carpenter’s Bracket Scaffolding

Construction: Use materials with known strength, limiting two persons per 8-foot span, and ensure guardrails or fall protection is present when necessary.
Bracket Installation: Use secure methods for attaching brackets, maintain spacing guidelines for metal brackets, and ensure scaffold planks are properly bolted or overlap the brackets.
Design and Stability: Adhere to specific design criteria for wooden bracket form scaffolds, ensuring stability and limiting the overhang of scaffold planks.

Horse Scaffolds

Height and Arrangement: Limit construction to two tiers or 10 feet in height, with fall protection for heights above 6 feet, and construct according to specifications.
Spacing and Stability: Ensure appropriate spacing based on duty level and secure each tier to prevent displacement.
Component Quality: Refrain from using weakened or defective components in the construction.

Pump Jack Scaffolds

Design and Capacity: Design for a minimum working load of 500 lbs, restrict occupancy to two persons, and adhere to metal component specifications.
Platform and Guardrails: Ensure full decking and securing of the planking, install guardrails as per instructions, and provide ladder access to the platform.
Poles and Brackets: Follow specific criteria for pole materials, height, spacing, and secure brackets with positive gripping mechanisms.

Adjustable Scaffolds

Design and Documentation: Construct according to ANSI A10.8, keep the user's manual onsite, and secure scaffolds as per the manual.
When stair towers are used for access to adjustable scaffolds, the difference between the two elevations must be 2 feet (0.6 m) or less.
Maintenance: Properly maintain wire ropes, adhere to manufacturer’s instructions for wire rope termination, and ensure the rope's load capacity.

Load Handling Equipment (LHE) – Supported Personnel Work Platforms

Refer to chapter 16 and 29 CFR 1926 Subpart CC for guidelines.

Knowledge Check Choose the best answer for the question.

22-8. When stair towers are used to access adjustable scaffolds, the difference between the two elevations must be _____.

less than 4 feet

1 foot between each level

2 feet or less

2 feet

You forgot to answer the question!

EM 385-1-1 Paragraph 22-8 (g.–l.).

22-8. General Requirements. (g.–l.).

g.  Hanging Scaffolds. (22-8.g)

(1)  Hanging scaffolds must be designed by an RPE competent in structural design.

(2)  Hanging scaffold performance and components must meet or exceed those for general scaffolds and platforms according to ANSI A10.8.

(3)  Hanging scaffolds must meet the following requirements:

(a)  Securely fasten the scaffold to a vertical structure (for example, wall, lock gate) by hooks over a secured structural supporting member, bolt-on brackets, or other secure attachment. Attachments must be made at least every 8 feet (2.4 m). The maximum span between secure attachments is 8 feet (2.4 m).  Use fasteners of adequate size to achieve design strength of scaffold.

(b)  Secure the scaffold to prevent an uplift force equal to two times the weight of the scaffold and its rated load by means of hooks, brackets, or other secure attachments designed and placed to counteract uplift.

(c)  The scaffold must have a secondary attachment method to secure it against falling if the primary attachment fails.  This should be a flexible attachment, such as wire rope or chain, designed to withstand a minimum of five times the weight of the scaffold
        and its rated load.  Connect the secondary attachment to an anchor point of the same load rating or greater.

(d) The scaffold must have only one working level.  Working platform decks must be slip resistant and securely attached to the scaffold frame. The maximum width, front to back, of decks is 42 inches (106.7 cm).  Grating used for deck surfaces must have a maximum width opening between bars small enough to prevent the rigging components used (for example, slings, chains) from entering.

(e)  Install standard guardrails systems according to chapter 21 on all open sides and ends of the platform.

(f) The scaffold must be conspicuously posted with a plate or other permanent marking that indicates the following:

(f-1)  Weight of the scaffold.

(f-2)  Number of personnel it was designed to support.

(f-3)  Rated weight capacity.

(f-4)  Specific structure(s) it was designed to be attached to – this may be a code or other form of identification when designed for a number of different structures with similar structural attachment points.

(f-5)  Name of the RPE who designed the scaffold.

(f-6)  Date of manufacture.

(g)  Hanging scaffolds designed to also function as crane- or other LHE-supported personnel work platforms must meet the requirements of chapter 16. This includes scaffolds that require a person to stand/ride on the platform while the initial attachment to the structure is made.

(h)  Position the scaffold so that the space between the platform deck edge and the face of the vertical structure is not more than 14 inches (35.6 cm).  Prior to use on each jobsite application, the CP must determine if this space constitutes a hazard by being large enough to allow tools or objects to fall on workers below or, if LHE rigging may enter and entangle in the space.  In these situations, close or block the space to remove the hazard.

(4) Testing according to paragraph 22-5.g.

(5)  Operations.

(a)  Workers must use properly selected and anchored personal fall protection when accessing and working on hanging scaffolds.  Personal fall protection system components must meet the requirements of chapter 21.  Do not use any part of a hanging scaffold as an anchor point for personal fall protection.

(b)  Do not exceed the number of workers on the platform listed on the scaffold.

(c)  Ladder must not be used on hanging scaffolds, except as a means of access
        from above the deck. Ladders used for access must meet the requirements of chapter 24.

(d)  Hanging scaffolds must be coated or painted to minimize corrosion of the components.

(e)  Store the scaffold between uses to minimize damage to the scaffold.

h.  Form and Carpenter’s Bracket Scaffolding.  (22-8.h)

(1)  Scaffolds must be constructed of wood, steel, or aluminum members with known strength characteristics and be designed to support a minimum load of 25 lbs./ft2 (1.1 kg/m2).

(2)  Do not permit more than two persons to occupy any given 8 feet (2.4 m) span of a bracket scaffold at any one time. Tools and materials must not exceed 75 lbs.
    (34 kg) in addition to person(s) occupying the area.

(3)  Install a guardrail at all open sides or use another form of fall protection when a fall of 6 feet (1.8 m) or greater exists or, when other hazards exist below the platform (see chapter 21).

(4)  Construct figure-four scaffolds as follows:

(a)  Construct the scaffold from sound lumber.  Do not exceed spacing of more than 8 feet (2.4 m) on center.

(b)  Install a bracket ledger consisting of two pieces of 1 inch x 6 inches (2.5 cm x 15.2 cm) or heavier material nailed on opposite sides of the vertical form support. Install the ledgers so that they do not project more than 3.5 feet (1.1 m) from the outside of the form support. Securely brace and attach the ledger to prevent tipping or turning.

(c)  Intersect the knee or angle brace and the ledger at least 3 feet (0.9 m) from the form at an angle of approximately 45 degrees.  Nail the lower end to a vertical support.

(d)  Construct the platform with two or more scaffold planks that extend at least
        6 inches (15.2 cm) beyond the ledgers at each end unless secured to the ledgers. When planks are secured to the ledgers (nailed or bolted), use a wood filler strip between the ledgers. Limit unsupported projecting ends of planks to an overhang of not more than 12 inches (30.5 cm).

(e)  Do not exceed the maximum permissible spans of planking according to
        ANSI A10.8. Span lengths must be consistent with allowable bearer loads.

(5)  Metal brackets or scaffold jacks that are an integral part of the form must be securely bolted or welded to the form.  Folding-type brackets must be either bolted or secured with a locking-type pin when extended for use.

(6)  Clip-on or hook-over brackets may be used on form work provided the form walers are bolted to the form or secured by snap ties or tie-bolts extending through the form and securely anchored.  In addition, carpenter bracket scaffolds may be attached by any of the following:

(a) A bolt extending through to the opposite side of the structural wall.

(b) A metal stud attachment device.

(d)  Hooking over a secured structural supporting member.

(7)  Metal brackets must not be spaced more than 8 feet (2.4 m) on centers.

(8)  Either bolt scaffold planks to the metal brackets or install of such length that they overlap the brackets at each end by at least 6 inches (15.2 cm).  Limit unsupported projecting ends of scaffold planks to a maximum overhang of 12 inches (30.5 cm).

(9)  Limit the maximum permissible spans for planking consistent with allowable bearer loads.

(10) Bolt or secure folding-type metal brackets, when extended for use, with a locking-type pin.

(11)  Design wooden bracket form scaffolds according to tables 22-1 and 22-2  so that they are an integral part of the form panel.

(12) Brackets must consist of a triangular shaped frame made of wood with a cross-section not less than 2 inches x 3 inches (5.1 cm x 7.6 cm) or of 1¼ inches x
    1¼ inches x ⅛ inch (3.2 cm x 3.2 cm x 0.3 cm) structural angle iron.

(13)  Design wooden scaffolds criteria according to tables 22-1 and 22-2.

(14) Either nail or bolt scaffold planks to the runners or install so that they overlap the ledgers at each end by at least 6 inches (15.2 cm).  Limit unsupported projecting ends of scaffold planks to a maximum overhang of 12 inches (30.5 cm).

(15) Limit the maximum permissible spans for planking consistent with allowable bearer loads.

i. Horse Scaffolds.  (22-8.i)

(1)  Do not construct or arrange horses more than two tiers or 10 feet (3 m) in height.  Scaffolds must be 5 feet (1.5 m) or less in height and 5 feet (1.5 m) or more in width.  When tiered heights exceed 6 feet (1.8 m), fall protection must be used.  (See chapter 21)

(2)  Construct horse scaffolds according to table 22-3, at minimum.

(3)  Do not space the horse scaffolds more than 5 feet (1.5 m) for medium duty and not more than 8 feet (2.4 m) for light duty.

(4)  When arranged in tiers, place each horse scaffold directly over the horse scaffold in the tier below.  Nail or otherwise secure the legs to the planks to prevent displacement or thrust and cross brace each tier.

(5)  Do not use weakened or defective components.

j.  Pump Jack Scaffolds.  (22-8.j)

(1)  Pump jack scaffolds must be designed for a minimum working load of 500 lbs. (226.8 kg).  Do not permit more than two persons on the scaffold at one time.

(2)  Pump jack brackets, braces, and accessories must be fabricated from metal plates and angles and installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions.  Installation and operational manuals must be maintained onsite and made available upon request
    of the local SOHO/USACE supervisor/KO or COR.

(3)  Fully deck and secure the planking on the standing platform.  Do not overlap platforms thicker than 2 inches (5.1 cm).

(4)  Construct the standing platform to be at least 18 inches (45.7 cm) wide and the work bench at least 12 inches (30.5 cm) wide.

(5)  Secure all materials on the work bench from falling.

(6)  Install a guardrail system on pump jack scaffolds according to the manufacturer’s instructions.  PFAS may be used in lieu of guardrails.  See chapter 21 for personal fall arrest system requirements.

(7)  When a workbench is used at an approximate height of 42 inches (106.7 cm), the toprail of the guardrail system may be eliminated if the workbench is fully decked, secured, and is capable of withstanding 200 lbs. (90.7 kg) force in any direction.

(8)  Do not use workbenches as a standing platform.

(9)  Provide a ladder for access to the platform.

(10)  Support all poles by sills or other foundations adequate to support the load.

(11)  Poles.

(a)  Pole lumber must be 2 inches x 4 inches (5.1 cm x 10.2 cm) stock of Douglas fir, or equivalent, straight-grained, clear, free of cross-grain, shakes, large loose or dead knots, and other defects that might impair strength.

(b)  Wood poles must not exceed 30 feet (9.1 m) in height.

(d)  Metal poles must not exceed 50 feet (15.2 m) in height unless the design is approved by an RPE.

(e) The spacing of metal poles must not exceed 7 feet (2.1 m) unless determined acceptable by an RPE.

(f)  When poles are constructed of two continuous lengths, they must be of 2 inches x 4 inches (5.1 cm x 10.2 cm) (kiln dried straight grain fir) or equivalent, spiked together with the seam parallel to the pump jack, and with 10d common nails, 12 inches (30.5 cm) center-to-center, staggered uniformly from opposite outside edges.

(g)  Do not splice 4 inches x 4 inches (10.2 cm by 10.2 cm) wood poles to increase the length of any individual member.

(h)  Secure poles to the wall by triangular bracing, or equivalent, at the bottom, top, and other points to provide a maximum vertical spacing of not more than 10 feet (3 m) between braces. Each brace must be capable of supporting a minimum of
225 lbs. (102.1 kg) tension or compression.

(i)  When wood scaffold planks are used as platforms, do not space the poles used for pump jacks more than 10 feet (3 m) on center.  When fabricated platforms are used that comply with all other provisions of paragraph 22-8.j pole spacing may exceed 10 feet (3 m) on center if permitted by the manufacturer.

(j)  Do not place poles within 10 feet (3 m) of power lines or electrical conductors until such are insulated, de-energized, or otherwise rendered safe against contact (see chapter 11).

(12)  Brackets.

(a)  Each pump jack bracket must have two positive gripping mechanisms to prevent any failure or slippage.

(b)  For the pump jack bracket to pass bracing already installed, use an extra brace approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) above the one to be passed until the original brace is reinstalled.

k.  Adjustable Scaffolds.  (22-8.k)

(1)  Design and construct adjustable scaffolds according to ANSI A10.8.

(2)  Maintain a copy of the user's manual onsite at all times.

(3)  Secure adjustable scaffolds to the structure according to the manufacturer's user manual.

(4)  Safe Access.

(a)  If portable ladders are used, they must be removed every time the platform is raised, lowered, or repositioned to ensure that the 4:1 ratio is maintained.  Secure the ladder to prevent movement.  (See chapter 24)

(b)  When stair towers are used for access to adjustable scaffolds, the difference between the two elevations must be 2 feet (0.6 m) or less.

(c) An SRL, if allowed by the manufacturer, can be used to provide fall protection when climbing the tower (see chapter 21).

(d)  On towers over 20 feet (6.1 m), provide rest platforms at least every 20 feet (6.1 m).

(5)  Level the adjustable scaffold by using leveling jacks.

(6)  When bridges are used on a single tower, do so only in strict compliance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

(7)  Ratchet driven winding drum hoist must be equipped with a driving pawl and a locking pawl. The locking pawl must automatically engage when the driving pawl is released.

(8) All crank-driven winding drum hoists must employ a positively actuated locking pawl that engages the drive train of the hoist and is actuated by reverse descending movement of the crank handle. This mechanism must not be rendered inoperative by outside contamination.

(9)  Every winding drum must contain at least three wraps of the suspension wire rope at the lowest point of hoist travel.

(10) Each hoist must be provided with positive wire rope attachments.  Wire rope attachments must develop a minimum of 80% of the wire rope breaking strength.

(11)  Terminate wire rope according to the manufacturer’s instructions.  Do not use U-type wire rope clips as a wire rope termination method.

(12) The wire rope must be capable of supporting at least six times the scaffold’s design load.

l.  Load Handling Equipment (LHE) – Supported Personnel.  Supported Personnel Work Platforms.  See chapter 16 and 29 CFR 1926 Subpart CC.  (22-8.l)